Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology
https://pjp.pakps.com/index.php/PJP
<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0;" align="justify"><img src="http://pakps.com/pjp/images/PJP.jpg" alt="" width="150" height="194" align="left" border="0" hspace="10" /></p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0;" align="justify"> </p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0;" align="justify">Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology is an official publication of Pakistan Phytopathological Society being published since 1989. PJP is an Open Access Peer Reviewed Journal aimed at publishing original as well extended version of published research in all areas of plant disease management. Quality research and review articles covering diseases of temperate and tropical plants caused biotic and abiotic factors; physiological, biochemical, molecular, ecological, genetic and economic aspects of plant pathology; disease epidemiology and modeling; and plant disease control and disease-related crop management are accepted for publication.</p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0;" align="justify"> </p><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0;" align="justify"> </p>University of Agriculture Faisalabaden-USPakistan Journal of Phytopathology1019-763X<p>Submission of a manuscript infers that the work described has not been published before (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, or thesis). It is also not under consideration for publication elsewhere.</p><p>All works published by Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology is freely available to copy, distribute, transmit and adapt the work provided the original work and source is appropriately cited.</p>ILLUSTRATION OF MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES AND EARLY MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF P. INFESTANS IN UZBEKISTAN
https://pjp.pakps.com/index.php/PJP/article/view/900
<p>An isolate belonging to the genus <em>Phytophthora</em> was isolated from samples of infected potato plants in Uzbekistan. The morphological characteristics of the isolate were studied and the fungus <em>Ph. infestans</em> belonging to the type of oomycetes was determined. The colony of <em>Phytophthora</em>. sp isolate is colorless and the mycelium appears porous when growing. When studying the microscopic appearance, it was found that the hyphae are not septated, the width of the hypha is 2.5-4.4 μm, the width of the sporangium is 12-17 μm, and the length is 18-25 μm. It was found that <em>P</em><em>.infestans</em> has amphigynous antheridium with oogonium and chlamydospores.<em> </em>To determine the exact phylogenetic status of this isolate, rRNA gene ITS region (845 bp) and cox2 (627 bp) gene were PCR amplified. The phylogeny of both marker genes showed that the isolate was <em>Ph. Infestans </em>and named <em>Ph. infestans</em> TVKT-1 due to its closeness to <em>Ph. infestans</em> species. The analysis of the ITS region of the rDNA gene as a barcode alone does not provide enough information for the identification of species belonging to the genus <em>Phytophthora</em>, for this, it is important to study the genetic analysis of oomycetes with the additional study of the cox2 gene. Compared to <em>Phytophthora infestans</em> species in the NCBI database, <em>Ph. infestans</em> TVKT-1, which we isolated, was found to have SNP mutations in the ITS region (16, 23, and 29 nucleotides) and cox2 gene (362, 364, and 365 nucleotides) nucleotide sequences.</p>Nodira AzimovaIlkhom KhalilovFazliddin KobilovMuhammad-Latif NazirovSergey ElanskyElina Chudinova
Copyright (c) 2024 Nodira Azimova, Ilkhom Khalilov, Fazliddin Kobilov, Muhammad-Latif Nazirov, Sergey Elansky, Elina Chudinova
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
2024-03-152024-03-1535210.33866/phytopathol.036.01.0900MYCOBIOTA AND AFLATOXIN ASSOCIATED WITH STORED COCOA BEANS IN SOUTH WESTERN NIGERIA
https://pjp.pakps.com/index.php/PJP/article/view/983
<p class="thesisheadingstyle">Cocoa bean is contaminated by mycotoxin-producing fungi due to poor agronomical practices during beans fermentation, drying and storage. This study aims to evaluate the associated mycotoxin-producing fungi in stored cocoa beans. Cocoa beans were collected from Oyo, Osun and Ondo states and that of CRIN (Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria) serves as control and were bulked into 9 composite samples. The beans were cultured using pour plating technique on potato dextrose agar routinely prepared in the laboratory. The cultured isolates were subjected to morphological identification and aflatoxin was assayed from cocoa beans using thin layer chromatography technique. The moisture content ranged from 5.4 to the highest of 8.0. The pH indicated all were acidic, and it ranged from 0.0 to 6.1. Nine mycobiota species were distinctly identified from the cocoa beans: <em>Aspergillus flavus</em>, <em>Syncephalastrum racemosu</em>,<em> Penicillium digitatum, P. roquefortii, Geotichum candida</em>,<em> Fusarium graminaerum, A. niger, A. carbonarius</em>and <em>Rhizopus stolonifer. </em>High microbial load was recorded in beans of Abiri (0.312cfu/ml and 62.0×10<sup>-5</sup>cfu/ml), Aba nla (304 × 10<sup>-3</sup>cfu/ml and 106 × 10<sup>-5</sup>cfu/ml), Elebesere camp (200 × 10<sup>-3 </sup>cfu/ml and 92 × 10<sup>-3</sup>cfu/ml), Calendar camp (176 × 10<sup>-3</sup>cfu/ml and 9.0 × 10<sup>-5</sup>cfu/ml), Amonloje (108 × 10<sup>-3</sup>cfu/ml and 50 × 10<sup>-5</sup>cfu/ml). All the cocoa beans sample from the selected study location do not show the presence of aflatoxin as classified by both Rf (Retention Factors) value and colour under long wavelength UV light. Aflatoxin was not detected though aflatoxingenic fungi that were isolated in the study, suggesting that aflatoxin production may not be as a result of storage.</p>Ademola S. MichaelEsan V. IsholaSangoyomi T. Elizabeth
Copyright (c) 2023 Vincent Ishola Esan
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
2023-12-302023-12-3035240941910.33866/phytopathol.035.02.0983RECENT APPROACHES FOR MANAGEMENT OF TOMATO FUSARIUM WILT
https://pjp.pakps.com/index.php/PJP/article/view/839
<p class="thesisheadingstyle">Many fungal pathogens were isolated from tomato roots of plants appearing wilt symptoms. <em>Fusarium oxysporum</em> (FO) isolates were selected, purified, tested for their pathogenicity and identifying the formae speciales of the highest virulent one. Among the 17 isolates, 9 isolates caused root-rot, 5 resulted in wilt symptoms and 3 were un-pathogenic. The highest virulent isolate of FO, specialized in causing tomato wilt, was then named <em>Fusarium oxysporum</em> Schlect f. sp. <em>lycopersici</em> (FOL). Significant reduction to the linear growth and conidial germination of FOL was obtained by the culture filtrate of <em>Trichoderma bioagents</em>, compost tea, and the non-pathogenic isolates of FO in comparison with control treatment. The bi-combination of <em>Trichoderma asperellum </em>(TA)<em>, T.harzianum</em> (TH), cow dung compost (CDC), and the un-pathogenic isolate of FO lowered the infection by the disease and increased crop parameters significantly. However, fungicide Maxim was the superior treatment in lowering the severity of the disease and increasing crop parameters. Total phenolic compounds, photosynthetic pigments and vitamin-c considerably increased in tomato plants of <em>Trichoderma</em> treated plants, compost and un-pathogenic isolate of FO compared to the control.</p>Muhammad E.H. AhmedMuhammad A.G. KararahKhairy A.M.M. AbadaHala. A.M. Eldakar
Copyright (c) 2023 mohamed elnobey
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
2023-12-302023-12-3035242143810.33866/phytopathol.035.02.0839PREVALENCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF CHERRY SHOT-HOLE DISEASE IN GILGIT-BALTISTAN
https://pjp.pakps.com/index.php/PJP/article/view/934
<p class="thesisheadingstyle">Shot-hole disease is one of the most common and significant diseases affecting cherry trees in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan, every year. It results in small reddish areas on leaves and fruits, forming characteristic holes. However, the pathogen associated with the disease, its pathogenicity, and its growth performance under different environmental conditions remains unknown. In this study, the pathogen associated with shot-hole disease was identified as <em>W. carpophilus</em>. Furthermore, variations in pathogenicity were observed among the five isolates of the pathogen (SRA-1, SRA-2, SRA-3, SRA-4, and SRA-5), with SRA-5 exhibiting smaller lesion sizes and SRA-1 to SRA-4 displaying larger lesion sizes. Differential responses to temperature variations were noted, with isolates SRA-1 and SRA-4 growing faster at different temperature regimes. Conidia count and biomass measurements revealed isolate-specific patterns under varying temperature regimes. Growth performance and colony characteristics varied among isolates. Environmental responses indicated sensitivity to osmotic potential and pH, as well as preferences for different culture media. This research provides crucial insights into the morphology, behavior, and adaptation of <em>W. carpophilus</em>. These findings will facilitate the establishment of management strategies against shot-hole disease in cherry orchards.</p>Riaz AhmadAqleem AbbasAbdul RazaqIqbal HussainMir M.N. QayyumSamreen AlamInza BatoolSuha Sakina
Copyright (c) 2023
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
2023-12-302023-12-3035243944910.33866/phytopathol.035.02.0934BIOCONTROL POTENTIAL OF NEMATODE-TARGETING FUNGI FROM COFFEE PLANT RHIZOSPHERE AGAINST PRATYLENCHUS COFFEAE ROOT LESION NEMATODE
https://pjp.pakps.com/index.php/PJP/article/view/1041
<p>Environmentally friendly control techniques need to be developed to overcome the negative impact of nematicides in controlling the root-lesion nematode <em>Pratylenchus coffeae</em>. This study aimed to isolate nematode-trageting fungi and evaluating them by performing pathogenicity tests on <em>P. coffeae</em>. The results revealed five selected isolates with > 50% mortality out of the 58 tested isolates: PIIIB0402b, PIVB0402a, PIIB0402b, PIVA0302b, and PIVA0402b. Phenotypic character identification and analysis using ITS rDNA regional molecular markers confirmed that four isolates belonged to <em>Penicillium</em>, while one isolate remained unidentified at the genus level but was considered as <em>Ascomycota</em>. Among the five selected isolates, PIIIB0402b and PIVB0402a showed the most potential to be developed as biocontrol agents, with mortality rates of 77.5% and 67.0%, respectively. However, further research is required to assess the efficacy and feasibility of these antagonistic fungus isolates as a biocontrol method for<em> Pratylenchus</em> nematodes on coffee plants.</p>Nur IsnainiSiwi IndartiDonny WidiantoTri R NuringtyasNur A. ArofatullahIrfan D. Prijambada
Copyright (c) 2023 Nur Isnaini, Siwi Indarti, Donny Widianto, Tri Rini Nuringtyas, Nur Akbar Arofatullah, Irfan Dwidya Prijambada
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
2023-12-302023-12-3035245145810.33866/phytopathol.035.02.1041MAPPING BIOTIC STRESS IN FIELD CROPS: PROSPECTS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN PAKISTAN
https://pjp.pakps.com/index.php/PJP/article/view/949
<p class="thesisheadingstyle"><span>In Pakistan, agriculture and food invention classifications are facing accumulative pressures from climate change affecting biotic stresses on field crops specifically and in general on soil health and irrigation water. Pakistan has its GDP based on agriculture with major crops including Wheat, Sugarcane, Paddy and Cotton. However, data of the crops is taken manually, which is mostly labor intensive, relatively ineffective and non-scientific. Therefore, technological innovations in artificial intelligence are the most feasible and economically viable and proven options than ever to sheltered adequate food for the fast-growing population of the country. Crop maps are frequently designed using foliage indices and field data. With the recent advances in </span><a title="Learn more about remote sensing from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/remote-sensing"><span>remote sensing</span></a><span> and Artificial Intelligence (AI) such as high resolution satellite imagery analysis, deep learning and computer vision, automation and improvement in precision of crop mapping can be achieved. Now-e-days we can enumerate field scale phenotypic data accurately and assimilate the big data into analytical and prescriptive management tools. The integration of AI with geographic information systems (GIS) provides a powerful tool for real-time monitoring of accurate crop classification, plant health (Biotic Stress), crop growth, water (quality and quantity) and harvest monitoring. These models also have the capacity to do image analysis for disease diagnostics and associated management recommendations on farmers phones. It will also help to develop future training methodologies and modules according to running requirements in response to the existing biotic stresses of major field crops in Pakistan.</span></p>Minahil Shahzad
Copyright (c) 2023 MINAHIL SHAHZAD
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
2023-12-302023-12-3035245946310.33866/phytopathol.035.02.0949CITRUS TRISTEZA VIRUS: ITS RESEARCH STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS IN PAKISTAN
https://pjp.pakps.com/index.php/PJP/article/view/873
<p class="thesisheadingstyle"> </p><p class="thesisheadingstyle"><em>Citrus tristeza virus </em>(<em>CTV</em>) produces the most damaging disease of citrus worldwide and is a continuous threat to the citrus industry. It is primarily spread through infected root-stock and brown citrus aphid in a semi-persistent manner. Infected trees produce small sized and poor quality fruit, and in severe cases tree dies. Sour orange rootstock is highly susceptible to <em>CTV</em>. Several mild and severe strains have been identified which produce from invisible- to- visible symptoms in diseased plants. Existence of multiple <em>CTV</em> strains in nature is a challenge for <em>CTV</em> management. Symptomless infection in certain citrus species results in the inoculum build up and further spread of the disease. Breeding for <em>CTV</em> resistance genes is a long and time-consuming process that takes 8-10 years before a <em>CTV</em> resistant variety is developed. Genomic manipulation of <em>CTV</em> genome is challenging due to its larger genome size. Modern biotechnological tools can be used to control this disease and to prevent its spread in the future. However, <em>CTV</em> offers a valuable research tool for its role as a stable marker in genetic transformation of plants. This review highlights the challenges in developing resistant citrus cultivars against <em>CTV</em> and future prospects of <em>CTV</em> and is an update to the research status of <em>CTV</em>.</p>Khalid NaveedMuhammad R. ShafiqAhmed Raza
Copyright (c) 2023 Khalid Naveed, , Muhammad R. Shafiq, Ahmed Raza
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
2023-12-302023-12-3035246547210.33866/phytopathol.035.02.0873PUCCINIA TRITICINA: WHEAT STRIPE (YELLOW) RUST PATHOGEN: A REVIEW
https://pjp.pakps.com/index.php/PJP/article/view/889
<p> Stripe rust of wheat is commonly known as yellow rust disease of wheat (<em>Triticum</em> <em>aestivum</em> L.) caused by <em>Puccinia triticina</em>. This disease is among the most important diseases of wheat globally. Present review presents the basic and recent information regarding the epidemiology of stripe rust with signs and symptoms of disease on an infected crop. Identification and control of the disease is becoming challenging due to lack of information, thus present review had been summarized for the understanding of local farmers and experts. Yellow rust is the foliar disease of wheat, fungal spores of <em>P. triticina </em>are also termed as air born disease as causative agents of disease spread through wind. Pathogens of rust disease are the potential source of reducing yield and production. These causative agents are host specific and had a great potential to reduce yield around 70-100% in case of susceptible wheat variety. Pathogenic strains of stripe rust infect the green tissues of crops, chances of disease infection are equal at any-time of one leaf stage of crop. However, the symptoms of disease appear after one week of an infection while sporulation starts just after two weeks of infection having optimum conditions of an environment. Just after disease attacks, tiny, yellow- to orange-colored rust pustules appear on an infected area which is called as uredia, having thousands of uredinio spores in each uredium, which is not visible through naked eye. These spores are usually yellow to orange in color and are powdery in nature. The type of symptoms appearance on an infected crop depends upon the nature of resistance in specific crop. Cultivation of resistant wheat varieties with the applications of effective fungicides are the possible solutions of these pathogenic spores. However, selection of suitable wheat variety and the cultivation of crop at right time keeping in mind the other environmental factors such as temperature and moisture would be important for wheat cultivation.</p>Rehana BadarAsma AhmedSidra BatoolAfshan ArshadQurat-Ul-Ain FatimaAtef A. ShahinShamma FirdousMafia Shafique
Copyright (c) 2023 Rehana Badar, Asma Ahmed, Sidra Batool, Afshan Arshad, Qurat-Ul-Ain Fatima, Atef A Shahin, Shamma Firdous, Mafia Shafique
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
2023-12-302023-12-3035247348010.33866/phytopathol.035.02.0889SEVEN NEW RECORDS OF PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES FROM DISTRICT BAJAUR, KPK, PAKISTAN
https://pjp.pakps.com/index.php/PJP/article/view/938
<p class="thesisheadingstyle">District Bajaur is a newly merged District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. The total areas of Bajaur are 129035 hectare. It is located at an elevation of 1152 meters above sea level. The total land under agriculture is 77166 hectare. In Bajaur the cultivated field under irrigation covers approximately 2739.22 hectares and over 74426 hectares is barani (irrigated) and around 20003.99 hectares is uncultivated. Of the total cultivation fields Three fourths depends upon precipitation and managed by farmers. The current study was carried out in twelve different location of district bajaur KPK Pakistan. Four zone were selected from district bajaur on the bases of mountainous areas, plane areas, availability of water and soil fertility; Total 200 soil samples were collected from the study area during August 2018 to September 2020 for diagnosing the nematode problems. Out of 200 samples seven new record species were identified viz., <em>Aphelenchoides shamimi </em>Khera 1970; <em>Filenchus uliginosa </em>(Brzeski, 1977) Siddiqi, 1986; <em>Helicotylenchus africanus </em>(Micoletzky, 1916) Andrassy, 1958; <em>H. digitiformis </em>Ivanova, 1967; <em>Psilenchus curcumerus </em>Rahaman, Ahmad & Jairajpuri, 1994; <em>Pratylenchus wescolagricus </em>Corbett, 1984; <em>Tylenchorhynchus hordei</em> Khan1972.</p>Sami UllahTabassum A. Khanum
Copyright (c) 2023 Tabassum Ara Khanum
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
2023-12-302023-12-3035235736810.33866/phytopathol.035.02.0938A LANDMARK IN ONION PRODUCTION FOR FOOD SECURITY: WHITE PEARL, A NEW ONION CULTIVAR SUITABLE FOR SOUPS AND SALADS
https://pjp.pakps.com/index.php/PJP/article/view/943
<strong><strong></strong></strong><p class="thesisheadingstyle">The current study was designed to introduce the new onion cultivar WHITE PEARL (VRIO-1) it was derived through recurrent selection from a source population. The source population was made and selection was done in the succeeding years based on bulb shape, bulb color, bulb diameter and bulb weight. Same procedure was followed until desired purity is reached. The preliminary evaluation of the variety was conducted during the years 2015-16 at Vegetable Research Institute, Faisalabad. Due to its encouraging yield performance, it was tested in station yield and multilocational/zonal trials during the years 2017-19 at four different locations (Vegetable Research Institute, Faisalabad; Vegetable Research Sub-Station, Raiwind, Vegetable Research Sub-Station, Multan & Regional Agricultural Research Institute, Bahawalpur). The variety WHITE PEARL is distinguishing in terms of bulb shape, bulb diameter and pungency than check variety Phulkara. Bulb colour is white at mature stage, which is quite attractive to the consumers. In case of disease studies no serious pathological disease has been recorded. White Pearl is moderately resistant to diseases like stemphylium leaf blight, downy mildew and purple blotch. Similarly, the check variety Phulkara is also moderately resistant to these diseases. Its shelf life is comparable to check variety Phulkara. This variety is recommended to be used for autumn cultivation as well as cultivation through nursery sets.</p><strong><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Cambria',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br style="page-break-before: always; mso-break-type: section-break;" clear="all" /></span></strong>Mehvish TahirSaba AleemMuhamma E. KhanKaiser L. CheemaRasheda AslamNusrat ParveenEtlas AminSadia Kaukeb
Copyright (c) 2023 Muhammad Ehsan Khan, Mehvish Tahir, Saba Aleem, Dr. Kaiser Latif Cheema, Etlas Amin, Rasheda Aslam, Nusrat Parveen, Sadia Kaukeb, Muhammad Ehsan Khan
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
2023-12-302023-12-3035236937510.33866/phytopathol.035.02.0943COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY PARAMETERS IN OYSTER MUSHROOMS (PLEUROTUS SPP.) UNDER VARIOUS SUBSTRATES AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
https://pjp.pakps.com/index.php/PJP/article/view/973
<p class="thesisheadingstyle">The quality characteristics of Oyster mushrooms (<em>Pleurotus </em>spp.) under various environmental conditions and substrate compositions are thoroughly evaluated in this study. The objective of this successful research was to focus on investigating the role of synergistic relation of temperature ranges of 10-15°C, 15-25°C, and 25-35°C, along with humidity levels of 65% and 85% on various substrates named Substrate A, a combination of wheat straw and sawdust, cardboard, leaves, wheat straw, and sawdust along with the addition of 25 g of Plant fibers, lime and chicken dung in all substrates. The key parameters including First Primordial Initiation (DPI), Number of Effective Fruiting Bodies (NFB), Biological Efficiency (BE), and Yield (in grams) per 500g of substrate dry weight, Stem Diameter, Total Days of cultivation, were employed to check mushroom development. Overall, findings reveal that the optimal conditions for Oyster Mushroom growth are observed at 15-25°C with 85% relative humidity, resulting in the highest Biological Efficiency (BE) at 56% on Substrate A as compared to other environmental ranges, but 65 % RH gives more yield with higher temperatures at 25-35°C., All substrates except leaves give better yield at 85% RH rather than 65%. Leaves give the better yield on 65% RH as at 249g. Substrate A, a combination of wheat straw and sawdust, yielded the most favorable outcomes, exhibiting an average DPI of 7, NFB of 50, and a yield of 375g, with a remarkable BE of 75%. Moreover, the hypothesis is proved that a combination of substrates can provide more yield and results demonstrate that a combination can give more 17.9 % yield. The best substrates in terms of all quality indicators are cardboard and substrate A (wheat straw plus sawdust). This research recommends the Cardboard while focusing on the best Diameter of the Stem as the greatest diameter of the stem in cardboard is 53 but substrate A is the best overall for all factors. It is also recommended to use the combination of the substrates just like substrate A for fast growth because substrate A has less TDM in all conditions. So, this study provides valuable insights into optimizing mushroom cultivation practices by strategically selecting suitable substrates and environmental settings to enhance both yield and quality.</p>Muhammad H. HassanSaif UllahAsim MehmoodAqsa AminMuhammad U. Shahzad
Copyright (c) 2023 Aqsa Amin
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
2023-12-302023-12-3035237738510.33866/phytopathol.035.02.0973MANAGEMENT OF SHEATH BLIGHT OF RICE CAUSED BY RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI KÜHN
https://pjp.pakps.com/index.php/PJP/article/view/975
<p class="thesisheadingstyle">Sheath blight (ShB) of rice caused by <em>Rhizoctonia solani</em> Kühn is the most vital disease this is a serious issue in high-yielding rice production systems. It is a significant issue with the rice producing system's high yielding types. The pathogen has a very wide host range and due to non-availability of resistant cultivars, the management of ShB primarily depends upon chemical control while the chemical control is not eco-friendly and is also dangerous for human health. However, the disease can be managed with botanical pesticides and biological agents. This study was planned with the objective to manage this disease with eco-friendly approaches. Different species of <em>Trichoderma </em>and plant extracts were evaluated under the laboratory conditions with dual culture technique and poisoned food technique respectively. Results showed that all bio-controls and plant extracts significantly inhibited mycelial growth of <em>R. solani</em> at different exposure intervals (5, 10 and 15 day) (P<0.05). In fungal bio-control, the highest percent inhibition was given by <em>T. harzianum</em> followed by <em>T. atroviride</em> on all incubation intervals. The lowest percent inhibition was 55%, 69 and 79% given by <em>T. viride</em>. All plant extracts significantly inhibited the mycelium growth of <em>R. solani </em>(P<0.05). Maximum percent inhibition was observed in case of neem followed by garlic, eucalyptus, and the minimum percent inhibition was exhibited by mint on 5, 10 and 15 days of incubation intervals.</p>Muhammad U. GhazanfarAsfand Y. AliWaqas RazaWaqas WakilMuhammad A. AhmadHafiz M.A Ayoub
Copyright (c) 2023 Waqas Raza
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
2023-12-302023-12-3035238739510.33866/phytopathol.035.02.0975IN SILICO ANALYSIS OF ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS FUNGAL PROTEINS: STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL INSIGHTS USING ITS PRIMERS
https://pjp.pakps.com/index.php/PJP/article/view/1037
<p class="thesisheadingstyle"><em>Aspergillus </em>spp. is a type of fungi that can contaminate and damage various types of food and agricultural products. To better understand the structure and function of proteins, <em>in silico</em> research was conducted using Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) primers and SWISS Model protein prediction tools. The objective of this study was to identify fungal species using the BLAST method and to analyze the structure and function of proteins from <em>Aspergillus </em>spp. The methods used included BLAST for species identification, Web Expasy to translate DNA sequences into proteins, SWISS Models to model protein structures, SAVES to validate protein structures, and STRING to analyze the function of proteins. The results of the BLAST analysis showed that the identified fungal species were <em>Aspergillus flavus</em>, <em>A. tamarii</em>, and <em>A. nomius</em>. Furthermore, the results of translating DNA sequences into proteins using Web Expasy showed that there were three open reading frames with the highest residual values of 119 and 83, while the lowest residual value was 4. Only two of these frames met the protein criteria. Moreover, the results of protein structure modeling using the SWISS Model method produced a fairly accurate <em>Aspergillus </em>spp. protein structure model with a validation value of protein structure using ERRAT (SAVES V6.0) of 100%. Additionally, the results of protein function analysis using STRING showed that the <em>Aspergillus </em>spp<em>.</em> protein has a function in producing enzymes that play a role in the metabolic process of cells.</p>Mariana MarianaSaipul AbbasSalamiah SalamiahYusriadi MarsuniSamharinto SoedijoMuslimin SepeMuhammad I. PramudiIsmed S. BudiDewi FitriyantiElly LiestianyLyswiana AphrodyantiNoor AidawatiHelda O. Rosa
Copyright (c) 2023 Saipul Abbas
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
2023-12-302023-12-3035239740810.33866/phytopathol.035.02.1037MOLECULAR STUDIES OF POSTHARVEST FUNGAL PEACH FRUIT ROTS; FUSARIUM SPOROTRICHIOIDES, ASPERGILLUS NIGER, ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS, PENICILLIUM CHRYSOGENUM AND CLADOSPORIUM PSEUDOCLADOSPORIOIDES
https://pjp.pakps.com/index.php/PJP/article/view/910
<p class="thesisheadingstyle">Postharvest fungal rots are a continuous threat to perishable fruits worldwide. Fungal contamination is a significant factor affecting quality of peaches and resulting decline in their quantity. Postharvest health of peaches is of major concern for producers, consumers, marketers, and food industries globally. Early specie level detection of these deteriorating fungal rots is extremely important to adopt timely preventive measures and enhance shelf-life of peaches. In present study five fungal phytopathogenic rots were detected from peaches and identified based on molecular characterization using ITS universal fungal primers, EF-1α and β-tubulin (benA). Multi-locus characterization revealed fungal rots viz; <em>Fusarium sporotrichioides, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium chrysogenum </em>and<em> Cladosporium pseudocladosporioides</em> respectively. Phylogenetic tree was constructed in MEGAX software using Neighbour- Joining Method and 1000 bootstrap replicates were selected to represent the evolutionary history of the taxa analyzed. Prior to management of various fungal rots, their accurate diagnosis is compulsory. Our results are significant in developing opportune control strategies from the field to storage hence reducing qualitative and quantitative losses and to enhance shelf-life of peaches.</p>Gull e L. KhanGulshan IrshadFarah NazSalman GhuffarAbdur R. KhalidShazia ArifAmna MaqsoodMuhammad U. RajaRaheem U. Din
Copyright (c) 2023 Gull e laala
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
2023-12-302023-12-3035234935610.33866/phytopathol.035.02.0910IDENTIFICATION OF ISOLATED STRAINS OF USTILAGO TRITICI RS-01 FROM AN INFECTED WHEAT CROP
https://pjp.pakps.com/index.php/PJP/article/view/1038
<p class="thesisheadingstyle">Loose smut has a wide distribution and can occur anywhere wheat is cultivated and produced. It is caused by the fungus <em>Ustilago tritici</em>. Mild symptoms may be present prior to heading, including yellowish leaf streaks and stiff, dark green leaves. Spores are not enclosed by the seed coat, so are quickly dispersed by rain or wind after emergence. These spores infect other wheat plants at flowering, causing seed infection. Wheat (<em>Triticum aestivum</em> L.) is an important crop and staple food of human population throughout the World. It is widely cultivated in Pakistan and in most of the other agricultural countries like China, India and Bangladesh. Therefore, an experimental study was designed to cultivate Galaxy-2013 for the isolation of pathogenic strains of <em>tritici</em> having potential to cause loose smut of wheat, after natural attack during cropping year 2019-2020. Main purpose of study was to isolate samples of <em>Ustilago</em>, which would be used for the testing of anti-fungal products for future studies during cropping years (2020-2022) after complete identification, isolated strains (RS01) were identified as <em>Ustilago tritici</em> and an accession number (OP164708_RS01) was obtained after blast the obtained sequences at NCBI, which were further confirmed by phylogenetic analysis. Therefore, it was expected that some wheat varieties those are vulnerable to the attack of <em>Ustilago</em> required careful cultivation by adapting suitable strategies to protect crops especially wheat from certain disease to enhance food requirement in the country.</p>Rehana BadarAsma AhmedNazia KanwalArisha AkramDilawar AbbasNagina JanatMehmooda MunazirTuba Riaz
Copyright (c) 2023 Rehana Badar
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
2023-12-302023-12-3035229930610.33866/phytopathol.035.02.1038ASSESSING YELLOW RUST RESISTANCE IN ADULT PAKISTANI WHEAT WITH YR18 AND ALL-STAGE DEFEATED GENES
https://pjp.pakps.com/index.php/PJP/article/view/640
<p class="thesisheadingstyle">Yellow rust, attributed to <em>Puccinia striiformis</em> f.sp. <em>tritici</em> Erikss (<em>Pst</em>), stands as a pivotal challenge in the context of wheat cultivation in Pakistan. The implementation of Adult Plant Resistance (APR) emerges as a robust and sustainable strategy for its effective management. In this regard, a meticulous preliminary APR study was conducted, encompassing 50 genotypes, spanning three consecutive cropping seasons in Peshawar, Pakistan. From the initial study, 29 seedling susceptible genotypes, harbouring <em>Yr18</em> and defeated all-stage resistance genes, were selected for further APR evaluation. This extended evaluation unfolded across six diverse rust-prone locations within Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Province of Pakistan from 2010 to 2013. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences (P<0.05) among genotypes, locations, and years x locations concerning the average coefficient of rust infection (ACI), albeit of marginal importance. Conversely, years, locations x genotypes, years x genotypes, years x locations, and years x locations x genotypes exhibited non-significance. Categorization based on ACI of 0-20 and 21-40 over years-locations were inferred to carry high and moderate levels of APR, respectively. Among the <em>Yr18</em>-based genotypes, ACI values ranged from 7 to 39, with 14 genotypes demonstrating varying degrees of APR. Additionally, 15 genotypes, carrying defeated all-stage resistance genes, showcased ACI values ranging from 12 to 34, indicative of residual resistance. Seven genotypes exhibited high APR levels (93T347, Wafaq-2001, Bakhtwar-93, 99B2278, CT00231, Kohsar-93, Shafaq-06), while an equal number demonstrated moderate levels (V-99022, V-01180, Faisalabad-83, Sindh-81, Punjab-96, Maxi-Pak, and Tandojam-83). Notably, these genotypes not only aligned with the findings of the preliminary study but also demonstrated substantial yield potential. Their inclusion in the Pakistan national wheat improvement program is deemed highly beneficial, offering a foundation for further enhancement through the integration of effective genes aimed at mitigating allo and auto rust infections across diverse regions of the country.</p>Shaukat HussainSyed J.A. Shah
Copyright (c) 2023 Syed Jawad Ahmad Shah, Muhammad Ibrahim
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
2023-12-302023-12-3035230731610.33866/phytopathol.035.02.0640TRICHODERMA HARZIANUM AS GROWTH STIMULATOR AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT AGAINST BACTERIAL LEAF BLIGHT (BLB) AND BLAST OF RICE
https://pjp.pakps.com/index.php/PJP/article/view/887
<p class="thesisheadingstyle">Rice blast and BLB diseases caused by <em>Pyricularia oryza</em>e and <em>Xanthomonas oryzae</em> respectively has a significant impact on rice yield and quality worldwide. Biological disease control has been shown to be one of the most effective ways to manage rice diseases. The present study was conducted at Rice Research program, CSI, NARC, Islamabad to evaluate the <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> management of BLB and rice blast diseases by <em>Trichoderma harzianum. T.</em><em> harzianum </em>inhibits almost 58% mycelial growth of the <em>P. oryzae </em>and 50% colony growth of <em>X. oryzae.</em> Effect of <em>T. </em><em>harzianum</em> on seed germination was observed on agar media at three different concentrations (10<sup>6</sup>, 10<sup>8</sup>, and 10<sup>10</sup>). <em>T. </em><em>harzianum </em>at concentration of 10<sup>10</sup> showed enhancement of plant growth; the maximum root length augmented from 38 to 47% and the shoot length was 15 % in KSK-434 and 44% in other three varieties as compared with control. Plant growth were examined under the impact of Volatile Organic compounds of <em>T.</em><em> harzianum</em>. Root and shoot length were increased 24 to 48% and 15 to 39%, respectively compared with control. In the <em>in vivo</em> management, <em>T.</em><em> harzianum</em> applied on the rice plants sown in pots. The disease pathogens <em>Xanthomonas oryzae</em> and <em>Pyricularia oryzae</em> were inoculated in rice plants, <em>T.</em><em> harzianum</em> controlled the diseases at two concentrations i.e., 10<sup>8</sup> and 10<sup>10</sup>. The disease was controlled 70 to 77% as compared to control. It was concluded that the characters as plant height, panicle length, number of tillers, and number of grains per panicle and yield of rice also increased with the application of <em>T.</em><em> harzianum. T. harzianum</em> may serve an efficient biological agent in rice crop to mitigate the diseases stress.</p>Maria RabnawazGulshan IrshadAbid MajeedMuhammad YousafRana A. JavaidSidra saifFaiza SiddiqueAmmara RehmanAlvina Hanif
Copyright (c) 2023 Maria Rabnawaz, Alvina Hanif, Gulshan Irshad, Muhammad Shafi, Abid Majeed, Muhammad Yousaf, Sidra saif, Muhmmad Ataullah, Faiza Siddique
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
2023-12-302023-12-3035231732610.33866/phytopathol.035.02.0887STATUS OF FUNGAL DISEASES ON SUNFLOWER CULTIVARS AND HYBRIDS IN DIFFERENT AREAS OF PUNJAB PAKISTAN
https://pjp.pakps.com/index.php/PJP/article/view/888
<p>The study's objectives were to report the fungal diseases of sunflower hybrids present in different areas of Punjab and to record their incidence in these areas. For this purpose, surveys of sunflowers' summer crops were conducted invarious areas of Punjab (Chakwal, Faisalabad, and Sargodha), Pakistan, during October 2020, for the collection of data. Disease incidence (DI) was calculated by counting the number of plants infected with different fungal diseases and dividing them by the total number of plants. The incidence of leaf spot was recorded maximum in Chakwal (40%), Faisalabad (34%), and Sargodha (40%), whereas the prevalence of phomapsis was lowest in Chakwal (24%), Faisalabad (22%), and Sargodha (20%). Leaf spot and leaf blight were with high incidence and widely distributed in three regions of the Punjab than remaining other fungal diseases. The other diseases observed in these areas were charcoal rot, phoma black stem, rust, verticillium wilt, downy mildew, powdery mildew and phomopisis stem canker. A significant difference in the incidence of fungal diseases was also observed in different locations. The current study provides baseline information about the prevalence of fungal diseases in different areas of Punjab. It will help in design new studies regarding these diseases so that future epidemics of these fungal diseases can be avoided. </p>Salman AhmadNazakat HussainMalik A. RehmanIrfan AhmadYasir AliMuhammad E.U. HaqIkram U. HaqKamra Mahmood
Copyright (c) 2023 yasir Ali
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
2023-12-302023-12-3035232733310.33866/phytopathol.035.02.0888EXPLORING SOIL-BORNE PATHOGENIC FUNGI AFFECTING POTATO CULTIVATION IN GILGIT-BALTISTAN, PAKISTAN
https://pjp.pakps.com/index.php/PJP/article/view/896
<p>Soil-borne plant pathogenic fungi cause substantial yield losses in potatoes worldwide. In Gilgit Baltistan (GB), Pakistan, potatoes are the main cash crop and source of revenue. Late blight, early blight, and black scurf are three examples of soil-born pathogenic fungi shown in only a few studies to be substantial biotic restrictions on potato output in GB. Few details exist on the prevalence and severity of the soil-borne diseases that cause potato diseases. Climate factors such as severe and unseasonal rains as well as warmer winter temperatures have aggravated these diseases in recent years. As a result, the current study was done in three districts of GB: Gilgit, Hunza, and Nagar. Soil samples from potato plants and rhizospheres were obtained, and soil-borne plant pathogenic fungi were isolated using serial dilution, baiting techniques, and direct plating procedures. Furthermore, fungal morphology was also studied under microscopes as well as identified using standard keys and monographs. Additionally, the synonymy of the isolated pathogenic fungi was also retrieved. A total of eight soil-borne plant pathogenic fungi were identified, namely, <em>Alternaria alternata, Fusarium incarnatum, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium pythium aphanidermatum, Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium udum, </em>and<em> Rhizoctonia solani. Alternaria alternata, Fusarium incarnatum, Fusarium oxysporum, Pythium aphanidermatum, </em>and<em> R. solani </em>were found in all three districts.<em> </em>In conclusion, these soil-borne potato pathogenic fungi appeared to be the first records from GB.</p>Riaz AhmadSaleem ShahzadMustansar MubeenQaiser ShakeelAqleem AbbasMuhammad RafiqueSyed A. HussainAbdul Q. RajputZakir Hussain
Copyright (c) 2023 qaiser shakeel
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
2023-12-302023-12-3035233534810.33866/phytopathol.035.02.0896OPTIMIZING DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY IN CHERRY TOMATO CULTIVARS: INSIGHTS FROM MICROCLIMATE CONTROL COVERS AND WATERING CAPACITIES
https://pjp.pakps.com/index.php/PJP/article/view/968
<p class="thesisheadingstyle">The global agricultural landscape has undergone a substantial shift towards sustainable and regulated cultivation practices for cherry tomatoes in recent decades, leading to the widespread adoption of greenhouse farming as a popular alternative. The research was conducted at the Bale Tatanen, Faculty of Agriculture, Padjadjaran University, Jatinangor, Sumedang Regency, from December 2022 – May 2023. The objectives of the study include identifying better cultivars (Ruby & Fortesa) in microclimate control covers (greenhouse, rain shelter and screen house) by providing watering capacities (100% ETc, 75% ETc and 50% ETc). The choice of cultivar markedly influences disease susceptibility. Notably, the "Ruby" cultivar exhibited a consistently higher vulnerability to various diseases, particularly <em>Fusarium oxysporum</em>, late blight, fruit cracking, and blossom end rot. Conversely, the "Fortesa" cultivar demonstrated lower susceptibility, underscoring the potential of cultivar selection as a disease management strategy. Various microclimate control coverings have shown varying degrees of effectiveness in disease prevention. The greenhouse environment was the most effective in protecting against fruit cracking, blossom end rot, pest infestations, and fruit ailments. In contrast, the screen house consistently displayed the highest disease susceptibility, underscoring the need to evaluate growing structures to mitigate disease risks meticulously. The study also revealed the critical role of watering capacities in disease management. Plants receiving 100% ETc consistently exhibited a lower prevalence of several illnesses, highlighting the importance of maintaining optimal soil moisture levels through precise irrigation practices in disease prevention. Cultivar selection significantly affects disease susceptibility in cherry tomato cultivation, with the "Ruby" cultivar showing higher vulnerability and the "Fortesa" cultivar demonstrating lower susceptibility. Effective disease management can be achieved by adopting greenhouse environments and a watering capacity of 100% ETc, emphasizing the importance of these factors in sustainable cherry tomato production in the agroclimatic condition of Jatinangor.</p>Farhan AhmadKusumiyati KusumiyatiMuhammad R. KhanMochamad A. S.Ristina S. Sundari
Copyright (c) 2023 Farhan Ahmad, Kusumiyati Kusumiyati, Muhammad Rabnawaz Khan, Mochamad Arief Soleh, Ristina Siti Sundari
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
2023-12-302023-12-3035224525710.33866/phytopathol.035.02.968